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【参考資料３】【英版R4.1.17】Nippon AMR One Health Report (NAOR) 2020 (100 ページ)
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Table C. The proportion (%) of antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae based on the CLSI (M100-S25)
2015
2016
2017
CTRX$
0.6
0.4
0.5
SPCM
0
0
0
AZM*
3.2
4.0
4.0
PCG†
36.0 (96.1)
35.8 (96.7)
37.8(99.0) †
CFIX$
16.1
11.0
10.0
CPFX†
79.0 (79.4)
77.9 (78.3)
74.2(75.8)
$
Non-susceptibility rate
* The figures are based on the epidemiological cutoff value (non-WT ≥ 2 μg/mL) indicated in CLSI Standards (M100-S27), and differ from resistance
proportion.
†
*Figures in parentheses indicate the sum of resistance and intermediate resistance.
(10) Monitoring on the antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, and
Shigella spp.
1) Overview
For typhoid, paratyphoid, and shigellosis, definitive diagnosis is undertaken based on bacterial isolation. Given there is
no routine antimicrobial resistance monitoring regarding Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, and Shigella spp.,
susceptibility tests are performed at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, using strains submitted based on the
Notification for Epidemiological Surveillance. Antimicrobial resistance information concerning Shigella spp. is also used
as data reported to GLASS.
2) Methods
Antimicrobial susceptibility tests are performed using strains that are submitted based on the Notification for
Epidemiological Surveillance (HSB/TIDCD Notification No. 100901, PFSB/ISD Notification No. 100902). In
antimicrobial susceptibility tests, assessment was performed in accordance with CLSI standards, using a broth
microdilution method for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, and using a disk diffusion method for Shigella
spp.
3) Prospects
Treatment with antimicrobials is essential for typhoid and paratyphoid. To enable the proper selection of effective
therapeutic agents, it is necessary to conduct continuous monitoring. The proportion of strains that are resistant to
quinolones and other commonly used antibacterials are high in Shigella spp., and therefore recurrence is also possible even
after administering antimicrobials. Careful monitoring is required to prevent possible spread of infection in Japan.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
World Health Organization. "Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. Manual for Early implementation"
http://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/publications/surveillance-system-manual/en/
National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. “Monitoring of AMR.” from
http://www.maff.go.jp/nval/yakuzai/yakuzai_p3.html
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE),"Harmonisation of National Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Monitoring
Programmes." http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_antibio_harmonisation.pdf
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE),"Monitoring of the Quantities and Usage patterns of Antimicrobial Agents Used in
Food-Producing Animal"
http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_antibio_monitoring.pdf
National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. “Antibiograms of Escherichia coli
Surveyed under JVARM.” from http://www.maff.go.jp/nval/yakuzai/yakuzai_p3-1.html
Hiki M, et al. “Decreased Resistance to Broad-Spectram Cephalosporin in Escherichia coli from Healthy Broilers at Farms in
Japan After Voluntary Withdrawal of Ceftiofur,” Foodborne Pathogens Dis. 2015; 12:639-643.
Nakayama SI, et al. “New ceftriaxone- and multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain with a novel mosaic penA gene
isolated in Japan,” Antimicrob Agents Chemorher 2016; 60; 4339-4341.
Lahra MM, et al. “Cooperative recognition of internationally disseminated ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain,”
Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24; 735-740.
Konishi N. et al. “‘Understanding the Emergence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Strains of Campylobacter and Escherichia coli
Derived from Food and Humans,’ Shared Research under ‘Research for Surveillance of Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria Derived
from Food,’ Shared Research Report, Grants for Research from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan) (Research
Project concerning the Assurance and Promotion of Food Safety) FY2019.” 2020
Shinomiya H, et al. “‘Establishment of Information Collection Systems concerning Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria Isolated at
Public Health Institutes across Japan,’ Shared Research under ‘Research concerning Trends and Hygienic Control of
Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria Derived from Food,’ Shared Research Report, Grants for Research from the Ministry of Health,
Labour and Welfare of Japan) (Research Project concerning the Assurance and Promotion of Food Safety) FY2016.” 2018.
99
2015
2016
2017
CTRX$
0.6
0.4
0.5
SPCM
0
0
0
AZM*
3.2
4.0
4.0
PCG†
36.0 (96.1)
35.8 (96.7)
37.8(99.0) †
CFIX$
16.1
11.0
10.0
CPFX†
79.0 (79.4)
77.9 (78.3)
74.2(75.8)
$
Non-susceptibility rate
* The figures are based on the epidemiological cutoff value (non-WT ≥ 2 μg/mL) indicated in CLSI Standards (M100-S27), and differ from resistance
proportion.
†
*Figures in parentheses indicate the sum of resistance and intermediate resistance.
(10) Monitoring on the antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, and
Shigella spp.
1) Overview
For typhoid, paratyphoid, and shigellosis, definitive diagnosis is undertaken based on bacterial isolation. Given there is
no routine antimicrobial resistance monitoring regarding Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, and Shigella spp.,
susceptibility tests are performed at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, using strains submitted based on the
Notification for Epidemiological Surveillance. Antimicrobial resistance information concerning Shigella spp. is also used
as data reported to GLASS.
2) Methods
Antimicrobial susceptibility tests are performed using strains that are submitted based on the Notification for
Epidemiological Surveillance (HSB/TIDCD Notification No. 100901, PFSB/ISD Notification No. 100902). In
antimicrobial susceptibility tests, assessment was performed in accordance with CLSI standards, using a broth
microdilution method for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, and using a disk diffusion method for Shigella
spp.
3) Prospects
Treatment with antimicrobials is essential for typhoid and paratyphoid. To enable the proper selection of effective
therapeutic agents, it is necessary to conduct continuous monitoring. The proportion of strains that are resistant to
quinolones and other commonly used antibacterials are high in Shigella spp., and therefore recurrence is also possible even
after administering antimicrobials. Careful monitoring is required to prevent possible spread of infection in Japan.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
World Health Organization. "Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. Manual for Early implementation"
http://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/publications/surveillance-system-manual/en/
National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. “Monitoring of AMR.” from
http://www.maff.go.jp/nval/yakuzai/yakuzai_p3.html
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE),"Harmonisation of National Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Monitoring
Programmes." http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_antibio_harmonisation.pdf
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE),"Monitoring of the Quantities and Usage patterns of Antimicrobial Agents Used in
Food-Producing Animal"
http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_antibio_monitoring.pdf
National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. “Antibiograms of Escherichia coli
Surveyed under JVARM.” from http://www.maff.go.jp/nval/yakuzai/yakuzai_p3-1.html
Hiki M, et al. “Decreased Resistance to Broad-Spectram Cephalosporin in Escherichia coli from Healthy Broilers at Farms in
Japan After Voluntary Withdrawal of Ceftiofur,” Foodborne Pathogens Dis. 2015; 12:639-643.
Nakayama SI, et al. “New ceftriaxone- and multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain with a novel mosaic penA gene
isolated in Japan,” Antimicrob Agents Chemorher 2016; 60; 4339-4341.
Lahra MM, et al. “Cooperative recognition of internationally disseminated ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain,”
Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24; 735-740.
Konishi N. et al. “‘Understanding the Emergence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Strains of Campylobacter and Escherichia coli
Derived from Food and Humans,’ Shared Research under ‘Research for Surveillance of Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria Derived
from Food,’ Shared Research Report, Grants for Research from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan) (Research
Project concerning the Assurance and Promotion of Food Safety) FY2019.” 2020
Shinomiya H, et al. “‘Establishment of Information Collection Systems concerning Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria Isolated at
Public Health Institutes across Japan,’ Shared Research under ‘Research concerning Trends and Hygienic Control of
Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria Derived from Food,’ Shared Research Report, Grants for Research from the Ministry of Health,
Labour and Welfare of Japan) (Research Project concerning the Assurance and Promotion of Food Safety) FY2016.” 2018.
99